Cartography, the study and practice of map making, and vicariously geography, have historically been the disciplines devoted to depicting the Earth. Surveying, the determination of locations and distances, and to a lesser extent navigation, the determination of position and direction, have developed alongside cartography and geography, providing and suitably quantifying the requisite information.Earth has reached approximately seven billion human inhabitants as of October 31, 2011.[171] Projections indicate that the world's human population will...